Endoscopic anatomy and ventilation of the epitympanum.

Two-port endoscopy of the middle ear: endoscopic anatomy.

OBJECTIVES To shed light on the endoscopic anatomy of the middle ear seen on 2-port endoscopy and to describe potential clinical applications. DESIGN Anatomical structures were visualized by transmeatal or transtympanic rigid scopes of different angles and by a flexible scope in the eustachian tube. This arrangement ensured reciprocal guidance of the scopes and provided access to regions not ...

مقایسه روشهای میکروسکوپی و آندوسکوپی در مشاهده نواحی آناتومیک گوش میانی حین جراحی اوتیت میانی مزمن

Introduction & Objective: The diagnostic value of endoscopic and microscopic procedures for viewing different structures of middle ear has been widely assessed however, no published study is available for comparing the diagnostic value of them in chronic otitis media patients. The present study conducted to compare diagnostic value of these two procedures for assessment of middle ear normal...

A Spectacular Endoscopic Anatomy of the Pituitary Gland and the Circle of Willis in a Living Person

بررسی اندوسکوپیک آناتومی حفره پتریگوپالاتین در اجساد بالغ ایرانی

  Background : Our aim in this study was to recognize the endoscopic anatomy of the Pterygopalatine fossa (PPF) and the anatomic variations of the related neurovascular structures, to define the endoscopic endonasal approach to this region.   Methods: In a case series study 17 fresh adult cadavers were studied by endoscopic endonasal approach. To reach the pterygopalatine fossa endonasally, we ...

Effects of Ventilation and Sucrose Concentrations on the Growth and Plantlet Anatomy of Micropropagated Persian Walnut Plants

Plantlets grown in conventional tissue culture systems usually encounter physiological and anatomical abnormalities including inability to photosynthesize, low chlorophyll content, open stomata, lack of a cuticle layer in the leaf, abnormal xylem parenchyma etc. Photoautotrophic and photomixotrophic systems could diminish these problems. The purpose of this study was to increase the chlorophyll...